Analysis a number of Quantitative Traits and Genetic Variation of Different Generation of Wheat (Tritecum aestivum) by using RAPD-PCR

: RAPD-PCR genetic markers were used to assess genetic variation in wheat plants and connections among six wheat genotypes. Four random primers produced 140 DNA fragments, averaging 6.7 identifiable bands per primer. Among the six genotypes, 85 pieces (44.64 percent) were polymorphic. Several RAPD marker bands had distinct signify recurrence patterns that thing differently amongst germplasm of wheat plants groupings. Within-community genetic variation accounted for 78 to 89 percent of the overall variance. Wheat genotypes may be characterized and classified using RAPD analysis. These findings will be a benefit in wheat-producing offspring efforts in the future.


Introduction
Wheat grains are the world's most critical cultivated plants and humanity's most crucial nutritional staple 1 . Wheat breeding changed forever with the development of short-statured, fertilizer-responsive wheat cultivars. As a result, grain production potential has increased significantly 2-4 .
Wheat is cultivated on 40% of Pakistan's cultivable land, with an average output of 2495 kg/ha 5,6 . In comparison to other agricultural countries, this is relatively low. Understanding local variations' genetics and genomic structure using molecular markers are beneficial for breeding purposes 7,8 . The first stage in wheat improvement, like any other crop species, is a thorough examination of the local resources, including the collection, appraisal, and molecular characterization of germplasm lines. Crop development efforts might benefit significantly from understanding germplasm diversity and genetic linkages among breeding materials. Data on germplasm variety and genetic relatedness among high-quality breeding stock are crucial in plant breeding [3][4][5][6] .
Although a varied genetic foundation has recently been recommended for wheat disease resistance 4 , Future breeding efforts will also rely on the availability of genetic diversity to enhance productivity 5 .
As a result, to attain self-sufficiency and sustainability, cultivars with a broad genetic foundation must be developed 6 .
Breeders can better grasp the evolutionary links between accessions if they know diversity trends 7 .
Traditionally, variations in morphological and agronomic characteristics have been used to analyze wheat genetic diversity and pedigree information 8 .
The focus today is on collecting genetic diversity within and between accessions. SSR, RFLP, RAPD and AFLP analyses are the finest approaches for achieving this 9 .
The current method for assessing genetic diversity within germplasm collections is RAPD for cultivar identification utilizing DNA profiling 10 .
PCR depends on the RAPD technique as genetic markers are the prevailing marker widely utilized in genetic mapping 11 . And the identification of loci associated with various phenotypes 12 .
RAPD -PCR technique has been utilized for genetic variation studies in various plants because of its technical simplicity and rapidity 13 .
This study's goal was to compare the qualities of wheat plant phylogenetic groups depending on seed traits clustering to phylogenetic groupings based on RAPD-PCR clustered using UPGMA 14 .

DNA extraction from the seed of Wheat
DNA of seed was isolated from 6 different wheat generation (Triticum aestivum L.) immature leaves. At 25°C in the dark, all generations were planted in plastic pots (200 ml). The generated kit was used to extract DNA from 15-day-old seedlings 11 . Then the DNA isolated was kept at -80°C. To utilize for PCR amplifications.

Results and discussion
Following electrophoresis in SB buffer, the RAPD-PCR bands were specified on 2 percent (w/v) agarose gel electrophoresis and observed under UV light after Red Safe staining.
All amplifications were done twice to ensure that the amplification of scored fragments was repeatable. All visible RAPD fragments were enumerated for each primer, and strong polymorphic bands were graded as present (1) or absent (0). The number of polymorphic bands for each primer was determined.
A dendrogram built with UPGMA clustering was used to assess genetic connections between generations.
The 4 primers produced 100 DNA fragments, with an average of 6.7 bands for each primer. 45.22 percent of the amplified fragments were polymorphic. All the primers produced 4 to 11 amplification products ranging in size from 0.27 to 3.6 kb. The primer sequence solely determined the size and quantity of DNA fragments (fir 15 (.With various primers, the degree of polymorphism varied between genera-tions. These findings show that RAPD-PCR markers offered helpful information for wheat generation identification. Momal-2002 produced the most DNA amplified bands (85) of the 10 genotypes examined, whereas line CIM-31 produced the fewest 16 .
Several variables can affect the repeatability of the RAPD method, including primer sequence, template quality and amount, thermocycler type, and Taq-polymerase activity 11,14 .   The implementation of a defined RAPD procedure, on the other hand, can assure that RAPD patterns are repeatable. In each repeat, all of the amplified bands were identical. A similarity matrix was generated using multivariate analysis to assess genetic diversity among wheat generations 18 .
UPGMA analysis was used to create a dendrogram (Fig. 5) to identify the grouping of the wheat generation using these similarity coefficients.
Just 8670-3 was found in a second cluster, the most different generation examined, with only 79.2 percent similarity to the other genotypes in our research 9,10 . RAPD analysis proved highly successful in detecting genetic diversity among wheat generations, despite the small genetic basis among the 6 generations employed here, and can be used to create DNA fingerprints for identifying different varieties 13 .
The genetic isolation between generations (Fig. 5) might be due to a few seed firms' closed guild marketing procedures.

Conclusions
The ramifications of these discoveries for wheat plant breeding are significant. These genotypes' genetic material links might aid in selecting genetically diverse parents for germplasm production. The discovery of a minor genetic alteration in Wheat emphasizes the need to expand the genetic base of wheat breeding materials. This genetic diversity index might help researchers decide which parents to employ for genome mapping 8,12 .

Funding
Self-funding.

Acknowledgments
In this section, we acknowledge any person who supports us in completing this project.

Conflicts of Interest
There is no conflict.