Synthesis, Structural Characterisation and Biological Activity; New Metal Complexes Derived from Semicarbazone Ligand

: The results of synthesizing a novel tridentate Schiff-base ligand and its metal complexes have been given. The ligand itself is described as being tridentate. The synthesis of the ligand has the following chemical formula: (E)-2- ((2S)-4-(tert-butyl) -2-((S)-(phenylamino) (p-tolyl) methyl) cyclohexylidene) hydrazine -1-carboxamide was produced as a byproduct of the reaction between benzoic acid and benzoic acid between (((4-(tert-butyl)-2-((S)-(phenylamino)(p-to and (HL). The ligand was reacted with 1:1 (L:M) mole ratios of ions containing Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II), which resulted in the production of title complexes. In cases where it was necessary, physicochemical techniques were utilized to characterize both the ligand and the complexes. Examples include magnetic susceptibility and conductance measurements, microanalysis of elements, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C), mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), electronic spectra, and more. The results of these studies demonstrated that the ions Mn (II), Co (II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) can be partitioned into four-coordinate and six-coordinate complexes, respectively. In addition, the TGA was used to investigate whether or not the ligand and specific complexes were thermally stable. Several different bacterial and fungus strains were utilized to examine the ligand and its complexes for potential antibacterial activity. According to the findings, the complexes are far more effective than the free ligand in combating a wider variety of species.


Introduction
It is common knowledge that chemical molecules with an azomethine group, collectively called Schiff bases, are known to have biological action 1 . It is one of the most important bonds representing many coordination complexes by linking metal elements and specializing in transition metal 2 . It is the elemental imine compound prepared by a German scientist named Hugo in 1864. It synthesizes a condensation reaction between a ketone or an aldehyde with primary amines 1 . It is one of the most important bonds representing many coordination complexes by linking metal elements and specializing with transition metal 3 . Because of their great variety of pharmacological and biological properties, Schiff complexes of important metals constitute a significant basic research topic for creating safe and effective therapeutic materials for treating bacterial infections and cancers. For example, the fact that transition metal complexes of Schiff base ligands with "O" and "N" donor atoms have antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory characteristics makes them particularly significant 4 , an anticonvulsant 5,6 , an analgesic 7 , an anthelmintic 8 , an antitubercular 9 , and an antioxidant 10 . Not very long ago, we attended the installation of the base Schiff and its complexes [11][12][13] . The ligand was synthesized from the reaction of the Mannich precursor ((((4) (tributyl)-2-(((S))-(phenylamino)(p-tolyl)methyl) cyclohexane-1-one)) with Semicarbazone, then the prepared compounds were tested, because of its effectiveness against bacteria and fungal organisms. In this study, we used two types of mushrooms and four distinct types of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtitles) (Candida albicans, and Rhizosporium). These species are responsible for most fungal infections found in humans. It is a common component of the flora that lives on human skin, vaginal membranes, and in the intestines of individuals living in healthy communities. In immunocompromised persons, fungal overgrowth and severe cutaneous or systemic infections caused by Clostridium albicans and other Candida species can cause morbidity and mortality. These infections can occur on the skin or elsewhere in the body 14 .

Reactor design
After obtaining the reagents from a commercial organization, you should use them precisely in the same manner you did to get the best results. To provide a reference, 1H-and 13C-NMR spectra were acquired for the linker in DMSO-d6 using a Brucker instrument at a frequency of 300 MHz for 1H-NMR and 75 MHz for 13C-NMR. KBr discs were used in an FT-IR spectrometer of the FTIR-600 type to gather data in the 4000-400 cm -1 to acquire FT-IR spectra. Electrospray (+) mass spectrometry has been worked on with the Sciex Esi mass analyzer. When taking the melting point measurements, the researcher utilized a Stewart thermoelectric instrument of type SMP40. Electronic spectra were collected in the 1000-200 nm range on a Shimadzu UV-160 by using a 1.0 cm quartz cell at a concentration of 10 -3 mol L -1 of samples in DMSO solutions. The spectra were taken in the region of 1000-200 nm. The measurements were obtained from a specific place referred to as the range. Using a Eutech Instruments Cyber scan, the temperature was maintained at room temperature. 510 digital conductivity meter calculation was made to establish the molar conductance of the complexes. The measurements were carried out on solutions of the chemicals in DMSO that ranged from 10 -3 -10 -5 M in concentration. For the element analysis (CHNS), we used the analyzer (Eager 300 for EA1112), and for the assessment of the metal content, we used the atomic absorption spectrophotometer manufactured by Shimadzu (A A-680G). To determine the amount of chloride present in the complexes, we carried out a potentiometric titration using a 686-Titro Processor-665 Dosim A-Metrohm/Swiss instrument. We utilized an STA PT-1000 manufactured by the Linseis Company in Germany for the thermogravimetric analysis, including TGA and DSC measurements. A magnetic susceptibility balance was used on Johnson Matthey to determine magnetic moments at a temperature of 306 kelvin. The ligand and its metal complexes were tested for their biological efficacy using an agar-well diffusion method against four different types of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtitles), as well as two different types of fungi. The results showed that the ligand and its metal complexes effectively inhibited the growth of the bacteria (Candida albicans and Rhizosporium). A spotless metallic borer was utilized to make wells in the medium at regular intervals of at least 6 mm in depth. The test samples were dispensed into the wells at the appropriate concentration of 1 mg/mL in DMSO (100μ L). After the plates had been prepared, they were kept in an incubator at 37 °C for twenty-four hours. Measurements of the inhibition zone's diameter are used to figure out the amount of activity (mm). To determine whether or not chemicals are effective against pathogenic bacteria, the well diffusion method was performed in an aerobic setting. On Mueller-Hinton agar, all potentially dangerous bacteria were tested for their capacity to inhibit growth.

Synthesis of Schiff-base ligand (HL)
With Respect to a Compound of (4-(tert-butyl)-2-((S)-(phenylamino)(p-tolyl)methyl)cyclohexan-1-one) During the addition of hot EtOH (0.5g, 1.4mmol), which was done so while stirring, a solution of semicarbazide (0.159g, 1.4mmol) in 15ml of EtOH with 3 drops of glacial acetic acid was created. The reaction mixture was refluxed for a total of six hours, during which time a white crystal formed. This crystal was filtered out, washed with five milliliters of cold ethanol, and then air-dried. The quantity produced was 0.3g (51%), and the melting point was 226-228°C.

Methodology for Complex Synthesis in General
Combined 0.4 millimoles of semicarbazone ligand with 10 milliliters of ethyl alcohol in a solution and added it while stirring to reduce the pH to approximately 9. After that, ten milliliters of ethanol that had been combined with a salt mixture of metal chloride were progressively added while the mixture was stirred. After that, the mixture was allowed to stand for ten minutes. This procedure was carried out on multiple occasions. After stirring the reaction mixture for four hours, a colorful precipitate had already begun forming in the mixture. As shown in Scheme 1, after creating a solid, it was filtered, then washed in 15 ml of cold 100% ethanol, and then finally air-dried (1). The yields, colors, and melting points of the complexes, as well as information regarding the quantities of metal salts, are included in the provided material (Table 1).

Results and discussion
After the reaction of (4-(tert-butyl)-2-((S)-(phenylamino) (p-tolyl)methyl)cyclohexan-1-one with semicarbazide in a 1:1 molar ratio at reflux, Scheme), the ligand ((E)-2-((2S)-4-(tertbutyl) -2-((S)-(phenylamino) (p-tolyl)methyl) (1). The ligand reacted with metal chloride salts of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) at a mole ratio of 1:1 (L: M), which resulted in the formation of six and four coordinate monomeric complexes, respectively. The monomeric chemicals that are produced as a result exist as solids at room temperature and are soluble in both DMSO and DMF. We have concluded that the complexes are extremely complicated and engage in highly coordinated activity based on the physical and chemical characteristics of the complexes. The results of Table 2 demonstrate that the data agree with the model that has been proposed. The results obtained by conducting the complexes in DMSO solutions containing these substances have demonstrated that there are both neutral and non-neutral, bringing the total number of complexes to (16).

FT-IR Spectra
The FT-IR spectrum of the free semicarbazone ligand (HL) shows characteristic bands at 3460, 3282, 3194;3167,1693,1666and1600cm -1 that are attributed to ν(NH)),ν(NH) am , ν(NH 2 ) sy,asy , ν(C=O) ket ,ν(C=N) imine and ν(-C=C) aromatic, respectively 17,18 . The assigned complexes and their corresponding infrared data have been assembled in (Table 3). The creation of complexes was confirmed by analyzing their FT-IR spectra, which revealed altered ligand bands. The imine band, first detected at 1666 cm -1 in the free ligand (HL), was shown to have migrated to a lower frequency and be present at around 1600-1658 cm -1 in complexes 19 . This change demonstrated the iminic group's nitrogen atom was playing a role in the coordination process with the metal center 20

Baraa Kasim Mohammed and Enaam Ismail Yousif
Volume 8 / Issue 2 / 14 • http://www.revistabionatura.com π→π*, π→π*and n→π* transitions, respectively 23 . Electronic spectra and magnetic moment data for HL and its compounds are compiled in (Table 4). The electronic spectra of the complexes exhibit several peaks in the vicinity of 214-269 and 301-310 nm. These peaks can be attributed to π→π*, n→π* and charge transfer, respectively 24 . Peaks in the d-d region are observed at 841 nm in the electronic spectra of the Mn(I) complex, and these peaks are associated to 6A 1 g →4T 1 g(4G) transitions 23 . Because the Co(II) combination formed a distorted octahedral structure 23 , the electronic spectrum of the compound conforms to its magnetic values. The electronic spectra of the Ni(II) complex displayed a peak in the d-d region at 794. This peak was caused by the type transition 3A 2 g(F)→3T 2 g(F) , and it indicated that the geometry of Ni atom 24 was octahedral. In the d-d region, the Cu(II) complex produced one peak at 941 that was attributed to the 2Eg→2T 2 g transition. This confirmed a distorted octahedral structure about the Cu atom 25 . This spectrum agrees with the eff value that was given for the geometry that was shown. In which the spectra of the Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes had distinct bands for the → π* and n → π associative domain transitions, respectively. It has been suggested that the tetrahedral geometric structure of the center of Zn(II) and Cd(II) is present 26 .

Biological Activity
Tests were conducted on the semicarbazone (HL) ligand as well as its analogs against four distinct types of bacteria, including two Gram-negative bacteria and two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus stubtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The Mueller-Hinton agar technique is utilized to analyze all 27 of the chemicals. The DMSO solvent did not affect whatsoever the compounds that were investigated. DMSO in a concentration of 100 ppm is used in the solution. Table 5 shows that the ligand (HL) had no effect whatsoever on any of the tested bacteria types. When it came to eliminating bacteria of every variety, the HL complexes proved to be more effective than the free ligand (HL). The formation of complexes results in an enhancement of the antibacterial effect. This phenomenon and the chelation hypothesis of why complexes become more active might be related to one another in some way. Therefore, chelation reduces the polarity of the metal atom, which results in some of the atom's positive charge being shared with the donor group and possibly in the delocalization of electrons across the entirety of    the ring. Zn(II)-complex almost had the highest antibacterial activity compared to other compounds. This is because, in comparison to those of other metal complexes, both their molecular weight and electronic configuration (using the d10 system) are on the lighter side. Compared to the free bonds and the other complexes, the cadmium (II) complex demonstrated significantly higher activity levels against all of the bacterial strains. As a result, we are now in a position to discuss the activity of the complexes in light of the chelation theory and the Overton model 28 . It describes the capacity of the metal component to penetrate the bacterial cell layer. The positive charge on the metal core will then be reduced due to this process, ultimately leading to coordinated bonding between the N and O atoms. Because of this, the lipophilic nature of the metal chelate system will increase, facilitating its movement across the lipid layer in the cell membranes of microorganisms. The research on the antifungal properties of semicarbazone ligand (HL) and its derivatives was conducted using two distinct kinds of fungi as test subjects (Candida and Rhizosporium), Table No. 5, which shows that the association found evidence of activity against both types of fungi. Compared to free ligands, HL complexes demonstrated much higher levels of antibacterial activity against all species of bacteria (HL). It was discovered that the molecule with the formula Cd(II) is more potent against (Candida and Rhizosporium). Because of the research that has been presented up until this point, new tridentate Schiff-base ligands have been tested to determine whether they are effective against a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites. As mentioned earlier, the analysis was carried out to determine the effectiveness of these ligands. Some of these bacteria include Clostridium perfringens 29 , Brucella melitensis 30 , Proteus vulgaris 31,32 , Staphylococcus aureus 33 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 34 , and Toxoplasma spp 35,36 , SARS-Cov-2 37

Conclusions
The present study synthesized and described a carbazone half-ligand (HL) and its metal complexes. In monomer isolation, this is formed when the ligand combines with Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) metal ions in a 1:1 (L: M) mol ratio. Physical, chemical, and spectroscopic investigations illuminated complex structures and linkages. These results yield compounds with quaternary or hexagonal coordination. The effectiveness of the ligand and its derivatives against bacteria and fungus was investigated. Free ligands were more bactericidal than semicarbazone complexes.

Funding
Self-Funding.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.