2023.08.03.132
Files > Volume 8 > Vol 8 No 3 2023 > Diyala 3
Effect of spraying with Jasmonic acid and chemical fertilizer Ennne on the content of Grapefruit saplings
Mohammed
Salim Dawood 1, Khalid Abdullah Saher Al Hamdani2*
1 University of Samarra,
College of Education, Department of Biology
[email protected].
2 Faculty of Agriculture,
University of Samarra.
* Correspondence: [email protected].
Available from. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/2023.08.03.132
ABSTRACT
The experiment was carried out in
the Modify wooden canopy to the College of Agriculture
/ University of Samarra lath house for the growing season from 1/7/2021 to 1/6/2022.
The saplings were brought from Salah El-Din Governorate, Balad
District, and 54 seedlings of one-and-a-half-year-old grapefruit saplings were chosen, budded onto the sour
orange rootstock to study the effect of spraying with Jasmonic acid (JA) and the addition of
nutrient solution (Ennne) in the chemical content of grapefruit saplings, as
the saplings were sprayed with three concentrations of Jasmonic acid (0, 5 and
10 mg.L-1). Add three levels of Ennne High Nitrogen Nutrient
Solution (0, 2.5 and 5 mL-1). The spraying process was carried out
on three dates: the first date is 1/7/2021, the second date is 21 days after
the first date, and so on for the third date. This study used a
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two Jasmonates (JA) factors. The
nutrient solution was Ennne with three replications, two seedlings for each
experimental unit. The results were analyzed using the analysis of variance
table, and the factors and their interactions were tested using the program.
The ready-made statistician (SAS) calculated the least significant
difference (LSD) at the probability level 0.05. The results of the study are
summarized as follows: Spraying with Jasmonic
acid, especially G2 concentration of 10 mg.L-1, led to an
increase In the leaves content of nitrogen, phosphorous, and
carbohydrates, which amounted to 2.30%, 0.49%, 3.47%,1.56% respectively, The
concentration G1 of 5 mg.L-1 gave a significant increase
in the potassium content of leaves, which amounted to 1.67%, while the
comparison treatment showed the lowest average for the traits mentioned above.
Also, spraying with the nutrient solution Ennne, especially at the level of
5 ml.L-1, led to a significant increase in the leaves content
of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and carbohydrates, which amounted to
2.32%, 0.50%, 1.67%, 3.48%, respectively. At the same time, the
comparison treatment gave the lowest average for the traits above. As for the ratio of
carbohydrates to nitrogen, the comparison treatment showed the highest rate,
reaching 1.56, While treatment E1 gave the highest proportion of
carbohydrates to nitrogen at 1.55%. The interaction between (the two study factors) showed significant differences in
most of the traits. The treatment of G2E2 outperformed and gave the
highest rate except for the nitrogen content of the leaves, as treatment G2E1 exceeded,
while treatment G0E0 shared the lowest rate for the traits above.
Keywords: spray, jasmonic acid, Ennne nutrient
solution, for grapefruit seedlings.s
INTRODUCTION
Citrus is an evergreen fruit tree
belonging to the family Rutaceae, which includes several genera, the most
important of which are the genus Citrus, the genus Poncirus and the genus Fortunella,
and the species belonging to the genus Citrus are widely spread
throughout the whole world because of their adaptation to a wide range of
environmental conditions. Citrus cultivation is spread in subtropical (dry) and
semi-tropical regions, and the genus Citrus includes four groups: the orange
group and the mandarin (Allanki), the Indian lemon group, and the acid group,
and each group has several species that include wide varieties and strains1-2.
Al-Samarrai 3 confirmed
through their study on the effect of the foliar nutrient Disper Bloom GS on
seedlings of grapes cultivar Halawani and Aswad Balad at concentrations (0, 2
and 4 g L-1) that there was a significant increase in the content of nitrogen
and phosphorous compared to the control treatment. In addition, Al-Fatlawi4
showed in a study that she conducted to investigate the effect of treating
grafts with different concentrations of IAA and spraying with GROW MORE foliar
fertilizer on the vegetative growth characteristics of apricot seedlings,
Prunus armeniaca cultivar Zagina, it concluded that spraying with GROW MORE
foliar fertilizer every 15 days at a concentration of 2 g. L-1 It caused an
increase in the leaves' content of nutrients, as the concentration of
potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen and phosphorous increased.
In an experiment carried out by
Sheteawi 5 on soybeans to see the effect of two levels of jasmonic
acid, which is (1,0) micromolar, on the growth and yield of soybeans, there was
a significant difference in the concentration of elements between the levels of
jasmonic acid if the concentration of potassium, nitrogen and phosphorous
elements increased when spraying With jasmonic acid at a concentration of 1
micromolar in saline levels (0, 50, 100) when comparing each salt level with
the same in the absence of jasmonic acid spray.
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
The experiment was carried out in
the College of Agriculture / University of Samarra lath house for the growing season
2021 to 2022. The saplings were brought from Salah Al-Din Governorate, Balad
District, and 54 seedlings were selected from the grapefruit saplings, about
one and a half years old, budded onto the rootstock of the sour orange. We planted
inside plastic containers with a container capacity of 5 kg. The homogeneous
seedlings were selected as much as possible; the seedlings were transferred to
larger plastic containers with a container capacity of 10 kg in a mixture of
soil. Samples were taken from the ground and used for chemical and physical
analyses (Table 1).
Transactions and
experiment design: The study included the following transactions
First: The first factor: spraying
with Jasmonic acid in three concentrations:
1 - Spraying with water only (comparison
treatment). Its symbol is G0.
2 - Spraying with jasmonic acid at
a concentration of 0.5 mg. L-1 . It is denoted by the symbol G1. It is
3- Spraying with jasmonic acid at
10 mg.L-1. The symbol G2 denotes it.
Second: The second factor is
spraying with a nutrient solution in three concentrations:
The comparison treatment is
denoted by the symbol E0.
Spraying with Ennne neutral
fertilizer at a level of 2.5 m. L-1 . It is denoted by the symbol E1.
Third: Spraying with Ennne neutral fertilizer at 5
m.L-1 . The symbol E2 denotes it.
The spraying process was carried
out on three dates: the first date, 1/7 and the second date, 21 days after the
first date, and so on for the third date. The following design is a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) as a factorial experiment with two factors,
Jasmonic acid and nutrient solution, with three concentrations for each aspect.
With two saplings for each experimental unit and three replications, the total
number of saplings is 54 6-7.
Studied traits
Determination of the nitrogen content of
leaves (%)
Samples
were collected from each experimental unit, dried and crushed, then 0.2 g of the
crushed sample was taken and digested by concentrated sulfuric and perchloric
acid. Then, the Microkjeldahl apparatus was used according to the method
mentioned in 8.
Determination
of phosphorous content of leaves (%)
The percentage of phosphorous in the leaves was
estimated by colorimetric method and reading the light absorption at a
wavelength of 410 nm using a spectrophotometer type 100 1_v lab EMC according
to the way mentioned in 9.
Determination of potassium content of leaves (%)
The potassium content in the leaves was estimated
using a flame photometer type 378_Elicocl according to the method given in 10.
Estimated protein content in leaves (%)
The percentage of protein in plant leaves was calculated
based on dry weight 11 and according to the following equation: Protein % = % Nitrogen x 6.25
Estimated percentage of carbohydrates (%)
The percentage of carbohydrates was measured using 12
methods in estimating the total carbohydrates in branches and agencies: 0.2 g
of dry sample powder was taken and placed in a test tube, and an added
Perchloric acid (N1) was added. The samples were placed in a water bath at 60 °
C for 60 minutes, with this process being repeated three times, each time being
centrifuged for 15 minutes at a speed of 3000 cycles. Minute-1 The clear solution was collected in a volumetric flask
and completed to 100 ml by adding distilled water, then 1 ml of the dilute
solution was taken, and 1 ml of 5% phenol solution and 5 ml of concentrated
sulfuric acid was added to it. The absorption of the solutions was read by a
spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 490 nm.
Estimation of the carbohydrate/nitrogen ratio
(C: N ratio)
Calculated by dividing the percentage of carbohydrates
by the rate of nitrogen for each refiner.
RESULTS
Leaves content of nitrogen
Table (2) results show significant differences
resulting from spraying with Jasmonic acid, having significantly increased the
leaves' nitrogen content. theG2 concentration gave the highest ratio of 2.30%,
followed by the G1 transaction by a significant difference of 2.25%, while the
G0 concentration gave the lowest percentage of nitrogen 2.09%.
From the results of the same Table (2), there are
significant differences as a result of the Ennne nutrient solution; the E2
concentration gave the highest nitrogen ratio of 2.32%, followed by the E1
concentration significant difference of (2.22%), while the E0 concentration
gave the lowest nitrogen content of the leaves at 2.11 %.
As for the interaction between the growth regulator of
Gasmonic Acid and Ennne Nutrient Solution, the results of Table ( 2 ) showed a
significant effect on the leaves content of nitrogen, with concentration of G1E2 and G2E1 achieving
the highest ratio of 2.30%. The comparison treatment G0E0 gave the lowest
nitrogen ratio of 1.89%.
Leaves content of phosphorus
Table( 3 ) results show significant differences
resulting from spraying with Jasmonic acid, having significantly increased the
Leaves content of phosphorus. The G2 concentration gave the highest ratio of
0.49%, followed by the G1 concentration by a significant difference of 0.46%,
while the G0 concentration gave the lowest percentage of phosphorus, 0.42%.
As for the effect of spraying with Ennne nutrient
solution, note the results of the same Table (3). The E2 concentration gave the
highest phosphorus ratio of 0.50%, followed by the moral difference of the E1
concentration, giving it a ratio of 0.46%. In comparison, the E0 concentration
gave the lowest phosphorus percentage of 0.42%.
As for the bilateral overlap between the growth
regulator Jasmonic Acid and Ennne Nutrient Solution, the results of Table (3)
showed that there were significant differences in the content of the papers of
phosphorus, with the G2E2 concentration achieving the highest rate of 0.53%. The
comparison concentration gave G0E0 the lowest proportion of phosphorus at
0.35%.
Leaves content of potassium
From the results of Table (4), significant differences
result from spraying with Jasmonic acid. The G1 concentration gave the highest
ratio of 1.67%, followed by the G2 concentration without a substantial
difference of 1.66%, while the G0 concentration gave the lowest percentage of
potassium at 1.52%.
The results of the statistical analysis in the same
Table (4) indicate significant differences due to Ennne's nutrient solution
concentration, giving E2 the highest potassium rate at 1.67%, followed by the
moral difference of E1 concentration at 1.62%. The comparison concentration
gave E0 the lowest ratio in the content of the phosphorus leaves at 1.62%.
On the bilateral overlap between the growth regulator
Jasmonic Acid and Ennne Nutrient Solution, Table ( 4) results showed a moral
effect on the leaves' potassium content, with the G2E2 concentration achieving
the highest rate of 1.74%. The comparison concentration gave the lowest G0E0
phosphorus ratio of 1.38%.
Leaves content of carbohydrates
The results of Table (5) indicate significant
differences due to spraying with Jasmonic acid in the Leaves content of
carbohydrates. The G2 concentration gave the highest ratio of 3.47%, followed
by the G1 concentration with a significant difference of 3.40%, while the G0
concentration gave the lowest proportion of carbohydrates at 3.24%.
Results from the same Table (5) show significant
differences due to Anne's nutrient solution spraying, giving E2 the highest
carbohydrate ratio at 3.48%, followed by a substantial difference in E1 by
giving it a ratio of 3.41%. In contrast, the comparative treatment showed the
lowest E0 in the Leaves' content of carbohydrates
Table 1. Some chemical and physical properties of the soil used
in the study.
As for the bilateral overlap between the growth
regulator Jasmonic acid and Ennne nutrient solution, Table (5) showed a
significant effect in the Leaves content of carbohydrates, giving the G2E2
concentration the highest rate of 3.57%. In comparison, in treatment G0E0, the
lowest proportion of carbohydrates was 2.95%.
Leaves content of carbohydrate/nitrogen:
The results of Table (6) show significant differences from spraying with
jasmonic acid and have substantially increased the Leaves' content of
carbohydrates/nitrogen. The G0 concentration gave the highest percentage of
1.56%, followed by a moral difference of G2 concentration, giving it 1.51%,
while the G1 concentration gave the lowest rate of carbohydrates/nitrogen at
1.48%.
The same Table (6) results indicate significant differences due to
Ennne's nutrient solution spraying, giving E1 the highest carbohydrate/nitrogen
ratio of 1.55%, followed by no considerable E0 concentration difference of
1.53%. In contrast, E2 showed the lowest Leaves content of
carbohydrate/nitrogen.
As for the overlap between the jasmonic acid growth regulator and Ennne
nutrient solution, the results of Table (6) showed a moral effect in
carbohydrate/nitrogen, with the G0E1 concentration achieving the highest rate
of 1.61%, while the G1E2 concentration gave the lowest proportion of
carbohydrate/nitrogen 1.40%.
* Soil was analyzed in the Department of
Soil Sciences and Water Resources laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Tikrit
University.
Table 2. The effect of spraying with Jasmonic acid and Ennne
nutrient solution and their interaction in the Leaves content of nitrogen (%).
Table 3. Spraying Effect with Jasmonic Acid and Ennne
Nutrient Solution and their interaction in phosphorus Leaves content (%).
Table 4. Spraying effect with Jasmonic acid and
Ennne nutrient solution and interference between them in the leaves' potassium content
(%).
Table 5. Spraying effect with jasmonic acid and
Ennne nutrient solution and interaction between them in the Leaves content of
carbohydrates (%).
Table
6. Spraying
effect with jasmonic Acid and Ennne Nutrient Solution and interference between
them in the Leaves content of carbohydrates/nitrogen (%).
DISCUSSION
It is clear from the results in Tables (2, 3, 4, 5
and 6) that there is a response of grapefruit saplings to the
study factors. The reason for the increase in the percentage of
carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and carbohydrates in the leaves
when spraying with jasmonic acid (JA) and the nutrient solution Ennne can be
attributed to the role of both in stimulating cell division and its expansion,
which increases the rate of vegetative growth. The increase in the percentage
of carbohydrates in the leaves due to spraying with jasmonic may be due to its
role in stimulating the growth of leaves due to the rise in cell division and
expansion. It also enables the formation of some photosynthesis enzymes to
accumulate starch in the leaves 13. The reason for the increase in
the leaves ' content of nitrogen, carbohydrates, phosphorous and potassium when
adding the nutrient solution Ennne may be due to the content of this nutrient
of macro and micronutrients, vitamins and amino acids, which have a broad
effect in activating vital activities inside the plant 14 and increasing
the concentration of nitrogen, as nitrogen enters into the construction of the
chlorophyll pigment due to its participation in the formation of the porphyrins
units involved in the composition of this pigment, in addition to the fact that
nitrogen enters the building of amino acids and protein, which increases the
construction of chloroplasts 15. Either element phosphorous as one
of the components of the nutrient solution Ennne can help element phosphorous
to metabolize nitrate because its reduction requires adequate preparation of P,
and its presence does not lead to its accumulation 16. P is an
essential component of photosynthesis, as it is critical for preserving
phosphorylation reactions during CO2 assimilation 17. Phosphorous may have a
crucial role in plant growth, as it contributes to the formation of energy-rich
compounds that the plant needs in the construction of other compounds such as
carbohydrates, phospholipids and enzymatic compounds that contribute to
activating the vital activities of the plant, which leads to an increase in
vegetative growth and nutritional content 18. Whereas potassium is
essential for the synthesis of chlorophyll, although it is not included in its
synthesis 19, the primary effect of K in photosynthesis is to maintain the
concentration of K in the stroma of the chloroplast to allow CO2 to fix 20.
The results of spraying in the previous tables agree with 21 in
increasing the phosphorous and potassium content in leaves when spreading at a
concentration of 0.02 mg L-1 for orange trees. NPK significantly expanded
the range of elements N, P and K in olive tree leaves.
CONCLUSIONS
While the comparison treatment gave the lowest
average for the traits above, as for the ratio of carbohydrates to nitrogen,
the comparison treatment showed the highest rate, reaching 1.56, While
treatment E1 gave the highest percentage of carbohydrates to nitrogen at 1.55%.
The interaction between (the two study factors) showed significant differences
in most of the traits. The treatment of G2E2 outperformed and gave the highest
rate except for the nitrogen content of the leaves, as treatment G2E1 exceeded,
while treatment G0E0 shared the lowest rate for the traits mentioned above.
REFERENCES
1.
Abu Zaid,
Al-Shahat Nasr. (2000). Plant hormones and agricultural applications. Arabic
House book. Publishing and Distribution. The Egyptian Arabic Republic.
2.
Agha, J. Th.
and Da 'id Abdullah (1991). Production of evergreen fruit. Part II Book House
for Printing and Publishing, Mosul
University, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Republic of
Iraq.
3.
Al Hamdani, Kh.
Abd. S., A. W. Taha and A. Kh. Osman. 2018. The effect of spraying with two
inns. and the addition of brosol nutrient solution in the chemical content of
sour lemon seedlings Citrus lemon Burman. 3rd International Scientific
Conference on Agricultural Sciences/University of Kirkuk Journal of
Agricultural Sciences (special issue).
4.
Al-Hamdani, Kh.
Abd. S., A. J. A. al-Ihbabi and O. H. Musaleh (2018). The response of local
orange seedlings Citrus sinensis to spray with the developer Brassinolide, and
the nutritious solution Miller. Tikrit Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol.
(18) Special issue of the proceedings of the 7th and 1st International
Scientific Conference, held on 10-11/4/2018, on pages 12/12 .
5.
Al-Sahaf, F. H.
(1989). Applied plant feeding. University of Baghdad. Ministry of Higher
Education and Scientific Research. Iraq.
6.
Al-Samarrai, W
Abd. M. H. and A. J. A. Al-Ahbabi. 2017 . Effect of spraying with Disper Bloom
GS and cytokinin 30KT- on some vegetative growth characteristics and mineral
content of Vitis vinifera L. Helwani and Aswad Balad grapes. Tikrit University
Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 17 (1): 89 - 101.
7.
Bhargava, B.S.
and Raghupathi H.B.1999.Analysis of plant materials for
macro and micronutrients . p: 49-82 . In Tandon, H.L.S. ( eds ). Methods of
analysis of soils , plants, water and fertilizers . Binng Printers L- 14 ,
Lajpat Nagor New Delhi , 110024
8.
Elloumi , O. ;
M. Ghrapand and M. Ben mimoun. )2009(. Responses ofOlea europeae .L olive trees (cv.chemlali) after
five years of experiment to potassium nitrate nutrition under rainfedcondition.The proceedings
of the International plant Nutrition colloquium XVI , Plant Sciences
,pp:1318-1324. California, USA.
9.
Gao, Z. M., YD.
Zhang, D. Y. Zhang, R. H. Shi and M. F. Zhang. (1989). Effect of N, P and K on
accumulation of nitrate and the activity of
nitrate reductase and superoxidase in leafy vegetables. Acta Hort.Sin.
16:293-298.
10.
Havlin , J . L
.; J . D . Beaton ; S . L .Tisdale and W. L .Nelson.(2005). Soil Fertility and Fertilizers .7th ed .
Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 .
11.
AOAC, 1980.
Official Methods of Analysis . 13th. Ed. Association of Official Analytical
Chemists. Washington , DC.
12.
Hermans, C., J.
P. Hammond, P. J. White, N. Verbruggen,.( 2006). How do plants respond to nutrient shortage by
biomass allocation? Trends Plant Sci
11:610-617.
13.
Ismail ,
M.and J. Zhang ، (2004) Postharvest
Citrus diseases and
their control . Outlooks
Pest Manag . 1(10), 29 – 35 .
14.
Jones, J. B and
W.J.A Steyn .)1973(. Sampling
,Handling and Analyzing plant tissue samples .P.248-268 . In: Soil Testing and
Plant Analysis. ed .bywalsh , LM .and JD.Beaton. Soil Science Society of
America, Inc ,677 South Segee Rd , Madison ,Wiscon sin , USA.
15.
Ghanim, I. .;
Ebrahim, S. E. . Preparing Of Bio-Cement Mortar By Using Bacillus Licheniformis
Bacterial Cells. JLSAR 2022, 3, 23-29.
16.
Jundia , Hassan
2003. Physiology of fruit trees. Arab House for Publishing and Distribution,
Nasr City, Arab Republic of Egypt.
17.
Kanan , T ; S .
N . Singh, Harinder . S ; Ratnpal and H.S.Dhaliwal . (1999) .Effect of foliar and soilar
application of Urea on soilar application of Urea on dry matter
production chlorophyll content . and NPK status of citrus Nursery plants.
Department of Horticulture . Panjab .
Agricultural University. India.
18.
Khaji, M. A.
(2014). Plant growth organizations their applications and horticultural uses.
Faculty of Agriculture, Baghdad University, Ministry of Higher Education and
Scientific Research. University Orbit Press.
19.
Mohammed N.
Mas' ad Hilali. 2015. Plant Bio Organizations - Enzymes - Materials of Growth
and Flowering - Vitamins - Modern Library of Publishing and Distribution -
Egypt.
20.
Osman, S.M.
(2010). Effect of mineral , Bio-NPK soil
application of (Olea europeae L)young olive
trees and foliar fertilization on leaf and shoot
chemical composition. Research
Journal of Agriculture and Biological Science , 6(3):311-318
21.
Rahim, Omar
Harez, (2014). Effect of spraying with Humic acid and Brassinosteroid growth
regulator on vegetative, flowering and yield growth characteristics of local
orange trees sinensis L. Citrus., Master's Thesis, College of Agriculture,
Tikrit University.
Received: 25 June 2023/ Accepted: 26 August 2023 /
Published:15 September 2023
Citation: Dawood M S,
Al Hamdani K A S . Contamination of poultry feed with Candida species in Duhok
city using CHROMAgar. Revis Bionatura 2023;8 (3) 132
http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/2023.08.03.132